Venerated as the creator of Cuba's first republic, declared by Fidel Castro to be the "intellectual author" of the second revolution, revered by Cuban exiles as

Jose Marti contributed greatly to Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain with words as well as revolutionary action. Although he died before the formation

All Cubans agree on one thing: José Martí is the "Father of Cuba." He was and remains Cubas national hero. Cubans from all walks life simply call him "The Apo

Martí was a leading Cuban nationalist in the independence war of the 1890s that anticipated the Third World liberation struggles of the 20th century and played

Focusing on a period of history rocked by four armed movements, Lillian Guerra traces the origins of Cubans' struggles to determine the meaning of their identit