The political and economic rise of this small but influential community of New Christian bankers and merchants is analysed against the backdrop of its instituti

“My dear children, I write this for you in case your dear children or grandchildren come to you one of these days, knowing nothing of their family. For this r

From the sixteenth century on, hundreds of Portuguese New Christians began to flow to Venice and Livorno in Italy, and to Amsterdam and Hamburg in northwest Eur

In Portuguese Jews, New Christians and ‘New Jews’ Claude B. Stuczynski and Bruno Feitler gather some of the leading scholars of the history of the Portugues

What impact did the cultural origin and religious background of a merchant in the early modern period have on his business activity and how could he become inte