Natural Computing is the field of research that investigates both human-designed computing inspired by nature and computing taking place in nature, i.e., it inv

Nature-inspired computation is an interdisciplinary topic area that connects the natural sciences to computer science. Since natural computing is utilized in a

Natural Computing is the field of research that investigates both human-designed computing inspired by nature and computing taking place in nature, i.e., it inv

As computing devices proliferate, demand increases for an understanding of emerging computing paradigms and models based on natural phenomena. Neural networks,

This volume addresses the emerging area of human computation, The chapters, written by leading international researchers, explore existing and future opportunit